Title: Structural Concrete Theory and Design 4th Edition by M.NADIM Hassoun and AKTHEM AL-Manaseer
Preface
Notation
Conversion Factors
1.Introduction
1.1 Structural Concrete 1
1.2 Historical Background 1
1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete 3
1.4 Codes of Practice 4
1.5 Design Philosophy and concept 4
1.6 Units of Measurement 5
1.7 Loads 6
1.8 Safety Provisions 8
1.9 Structural Concrete Elements 9
1.10 Structural Concrete Design 10
1.11 Accuracy of Calculation 10
1.12 Concrete High-Rise Buildings 11
2.Properties of Reinforced Concrete
2.1 Factors Affecting the Strength of Concrete 15
2.2 Compressive Strength 17
2.3 Stress Strain Curves of Concrete 18
2.4 Tensile Strength of Concrete 20
2.5 Flexural Strength (Modules of Rupture) of Concrete 21
2.6 Shear Strength 22
2.7 Module of Elasticity of Concrete 22
2.8 Poisson’s Ratio 23
2.9 Shear Modulus 23
2.10 Modular Ratio 24
2.11 Volume Changes of Concrete 24
2.12 Creep 26
2.13 Models for Predicting the Shrinkage and Creep of Concrete 28
2.14 Unit Weight of Concrete 53
2.15 Fire Resistance 53
2.16 High-Performance Concrete 53
2.17 Lightweight Concrete 54
2.18 Fibrous Concrete 55
2.19 Steel Reinforcement 55
Summary 59
References 61
3.Flexural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Assumptions 65
3.3 Behavior of a Simply Supported Reinforced Concrete Beam Loaded to Assumptions 65
3.4 Types of Flexural Failure and Strain Limits 69
3.5 Load Factors 73
3.6 Strength-Reduction Factor 74
3.7 Significance of Analysis and Design Expressions 76.
3.8 Equivalent Compressive Stress Distribution 77
3.9 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section in Bending 79
3.10 Lower Limit or Minimum Percentage of Steel 90
3.11 Adequacy of Sections 91
3.12 Bundled Bars 95
3.13 Sections in the Transition Region (< 0.9) 96
3.14 Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement 98
3.15 Analysis of T- and I-Sections 109
3.16 Dimensions of Isolated T-Shaped Sections 118
3.17 Inverted L-Shaped Sections 119
3.18 Sections of Other Shapes 119
3.19 Analysis of Sections Using Tables 122
3.20 Additional Examples 122
3.21 Examples Using SI Units 124
Summary 126
References 129
Problems 130
4 .Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
4.1 Introduction 134
4.2 Rectangular Sections with Reinforcement Only 134
4.3 Spacing of Reinforcement and Concrete Cover 137
4.4 Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement 145
4.5 Design of T-sections 152
4.6 Additional Examples 157
4.7 Examples Using SI Units 162
Summary 164
Problems 167
5.Alternative Design Methods
5.1 Introduction 172
5.2 Load Factors 172
5.3 Strength-Reduction Factor. 173
5.4 Rectangular Sections with Tension Reinforcement 174
5.5 Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement 178
5.6 Design of T-Sections 180
5.7 Strut and Tie Method 181
References 189
6 .Deflection and Control of Cracking
6.1 Deflection of Structural Concrete Members 190
6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 191
6.3 Long-Time Deflection 197
6.4 Allowable Deflection 198
6.5 Deflection Due to Combinations of Loads 198
6.6 Cracks in Flexural Members 207
6.7 ACI Code Requirements 211
Summary 216
References 217
Problems 218
7 .Development Length of Reinforcing Bars
7.1 Introduction 221
7.2 Development of Bond Stresses 222
7.3 Development Length in Tension 225
7.4 Development Length in Compression 228
7.5 Summary for the Computation of in Tension 230
7.6 Critical Sections in Flexural Members 232
7.7 Standard Hooks (ACI Code, Sections 12.5 and 7.1) 235
7.8 Splices of Reinforcement 239
7.9 Moment-Resistance Diagram (Bar Cutoff Points) 242
Summary 245
References 248
Problems 248
8.Shear and Diagonal Tension
8.1 Introduction 251
8.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams 251
8.3 Behavior of Beams without Shear Reinforcement 255
8.4 Moment Effect on Shear Strength 256
8.5 Beams with Shear Reinforcement 258
8.6 ACI Code Shear Design Requirements 261
8.7 Design of Vertical Stirrups 266
8.8 Design Summary 267
8.9 Shear Force Due to Live Loads 272
8.10 Shear Stresses in Members of Variable Depth 276
8.11 Deep Flexural Members 282
8.12 Examples Using SI Units 293
Summary 295
References 296
Problems 297
9. One-Way Slabs
9.1 Types of Slabs 300
9.2 Design of One-Way Solid Slabs 302
9.3 Design Limitations According to the ACI Code 303
9.4 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement 304
9.5 Reinforcement Details 305
9.6 Distribution of Loads from One-Way Slabs to Supporting Beams 306
9.7 One-Way Joist Floor System 311
Summary 314
References 315
Problems 315
10.Axially Loaded Columns
10.1 Introduction 318
10.2 Types of Columns 318
10.3 Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns 320
10.4 ACI Code Limitations 320
10.5 Spiral Reinforcement 323
10.6 Design Equations 324
10.7 Axial Tension 325
10.8 Long Columns 326
Summary 328
References 329
Problems 329
11.Members in Compression and Bending
11.1 Introduction 331
11.2 Design Assumptions for Columns 333
11.3 Load-Moment Interaction Diagram 333
11.4 Safety Provisions 336
11.5 Balanced Condition-Rectangular Sections 337
11.6 Column Sections under Eccentric Loading 340
11.7 Strength of Columns for Tension Failure 342
11.8 Strength of Columns for Compression Failure 345
11.9 Interaction Diagram Example 351
11.10 Rectangular Columns with Side Bars 352
11.11 Load Capacity of Circular Columns 356
11.12 Analysis and Design of Columns Using Charts 361
11.13 Design of Columns under Eccentric Loading 366
11.14 Biaxial Bending 373
11.15 Circular Columns with Uniform Reinforcement under Biaxial Bending 375
11.16 Square and Rectangular Columns under Biaxial Bending 376
11.17 Parme Load Contour Method 377
11.18 Equation of Failure Surface 382
11.19 SI Example 385
Summary 387
References 388
Problems 389
12.Slender Columns
12.1 Introduction 394
12.2 Effective Column Length (KI) 395
12.3 Effective Length Factor (K) 396
12.4 Member Stiffness (EI) 397
12.5 Limitation of the Slenderness Ratio (Klu/r) 401
12.6 Moment-Magnifier Design Method 402
Summary 412
References 414
Problems 414
13 Footings
13.1 Introduction 416
13.2 Types of Footings 418
13.3 Distribution of Soil Pressure 421
13.4 Design Considerations 422
13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 431
13.6 Combined Footings 441
13.7 Footings under Eccentric Column Loads 448
13.8 Footings under Biaxial Moment 450
13.9 Slabs on Ground 453
13.10 Footings on Piles 453
13.11 SI Equations 454
Summary 454
References 457
Problems 457
14 .Retaining Walls
14.1 Introduction 460
14.2 Types of Retaining Walls 460
14.3 Forces on Retaining Walls 462
14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressures 463
14.5 Effect of Surcharge 467
14.6 Friction on the Retaining Wall Base 469
14.7 Stability against Overturning 469
14.8 Proportions of Retaining Walls 470
14.9 Design Requirements 471
14.10 Drainage 472
14.11 Basement Walls 483
Summary 487
References 488
Problems 488
15 .Design for Torsion
15.1 Introduction 493
15.2 Torsional Moments in Beams 494
15.3 Torsional Stresses 495
15.4 Torsional Moment in Rectangular Sections 498
15.5 Combined Shear and Torsion 499
15.6 Torsion Theories for Concrete Members 500
15.7 Torsional Strength of Plain Concrete Members 504
15.8 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members (ACI Code Procedure) 504
15.9 Summary of ACI Code Procedures 512
Summary 520
References 521
Problems 522
16.Continuous Beams and Frames
16.1 Introduction 525
16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous Beams 526
16.3 Building Frames 531
16.4 Portal Frames 533
16.5 General Frames 535
16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 537
16.7 Introduction to Limit Design 549
16.8 The Collapse Mechanism 551
16.9 Principles of Limit Design 551
16.10 Upper and Lower Bounds of Load Factors 553.
16.11 Limit Analysis 553
16.12 Rotation of Plastic Hinges 557
16.13 Summary of Limit Design Procedure 564
16.14 Moment Redistribution of Maximum Negative or Positive Moments in Continuous Beams
Summary 576
References 578
Problems 579
17.Design of Two-Way Slabs
17.1 Introduction 581
17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs 581
17.3 Economical Choice of Concrete Floor Systems 585
17.4 Design Concepts 586
17.5 Column and Middle Strips 590
17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Control Deflection 592
17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs 597
17.8 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs by the Direct Design Method 602
17.9 Design Moments in Columns 631
17.10 Transfer of Unbalanced Moments to Columns 632
17.11 Waffle Slabs 644
17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 651
Summary 663
References 664
Problems 665
18.Stairs
18.1 Introduction 667
18.2 Types of Stairs 669
18.3 Examples 684
Summary 693
References 693
Problems 694
19.Introduction to Prestressed Concrete
19.1 Prestressed Concrete 696
19.2 Materials and Serviceability Requirements 707
19.3 Loss of Prestress 709
19.4 Analysis of Flexural Members 717
19.5 Design of Flexural Members 728
19.6 Cracking Moment 734
19.7 Deflection 736
19.8 Design for Shear 739
19.9 Preliminary Design of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members 747
19.10 End-Block Stresses 749
Summary 752
References 754
Problems 755
20.Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
20.1 Introduction 758
20.2 Seismic Design Category 758
20.3 Analysis Procedures 775
20.4 Load Combinations 789
20.5 Special Requirements in Design of Structures Subjected to the Earthquake Loads 791
Code and Design References 826
Problems 826
21.Beams Curved in Plan
21.1 Introduction 828
21.2 Uniformly Loaded Circular Beams 828
21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End Supports 835
21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam under Uniform Loading 839
21.5 Circular Beam Subjected to Uniform Loading 842
21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a Concentrated Load at Midspan 845
21.7 V-Shape Beams Subjected to Uniform Loading 848
21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a Concentrated Load at the Centerline of the Beam 851
Summary 854
References 856
Problems 856
Appendix A: Design Tables (U.S. Customary Units) 857
Appendix B: Design Tables (SI Units) 867
Appendix C: Structural Aids 875
Index 895
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